Olaudah Equiano And The Slave Girl - 1917 Words

In Twelve Years a Slave, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, and Incidents in the Life of the Slave Girl personal accounts from these slaves are used to strongly depict and argue against slavery as a cruel, inhumane and murderous practice ruining the lives of these equal souls who feel pain and injustice just like any other human. Everything from vicious skin scarring lashings to violent rapes are put on display through these works in an effort to show the severe moral injustices committed by slave-owners at this time in America. Although we obtain this information in different ways across these works, whether it be visually in Twelve Years a Slave or through the vivid imagery used in the writing of Olaudah Equiano†¦show more content†¦We see another black man hit and forced to have his mouth shut by a chain restraint for merely speaking up and later we even see him stabbed, killed and thrown overboard their slave ship for trying to stop his captors fr om raping one of the female slaves. The hopelessness of the situation becomes apparent to Solomon here, realizing that the only way to survive is to say as little as possible and do only as he is told with complete obedience. A striking quote from Solomon here is when he sadly states â€Å"I don’t want to survive; I want to live.† The quality of life as slave is so poor that even if your physically alive you are so deprived of your freewill it is like you are not living at all. Living under circumstances of constant intimidation and fear of physical harm weigh heavy on the mental well-being of person, putting them in a state of learned helplessness. They are seen only as objects that can make these buyers and sellers profit not as humans who feel like they do. We even see a mother painfully ripped apart from her two children at an auction, crying and pleading to be bought together but ignored as the buyers take them away. The heartless attitude of these masters towards the slaves are made even more prominent when this poor woman is eventually carried off and presumably hung for her inability to control her sobbing weeks later on the plantation. Slave masters and overseers had no remorse for slaves, treating them as animals that are to be discarded whenShow MoreRelated Olaudah Equiano Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pagesamateur scientist, and even a hairdresser. These are all jobs that Olaudah Equiano held during his lifetime. He has been called the quot;most influential African writer in both Africa, America and Britain before the Civil Warquot;, and was born in Essaka, Nigeria sometime during 1745 (ONeale, 153). His family was part of the Ibo tribe, which was located in the North Ika Ibo region of Essaka. In his earliest years, Olaudah Equiano was trained in the art of war. His daily exercises included shootingRead More Women In Slavery in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl and Olaudah Equianos Interesting Narrative919 Words   |à ‚  4 Pagesthat the slaves lived under could be easily described as intolerable and inhumane. As painful as the slaves treatment by the masters was, it proved to be more unbearable for the women who were enslaved. Why did the women suffer a grimmer fate as slaves? The answer lies in the readings, Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl and Olaudah Equianos Interesting Narrative which both imply that sexual abuse, jealous mistresses, and loss of children caused the female slaves to endureRead MoreSummary : Free Slave Voice 1397 Words   |  6 PagesMcDonald Vincent Vance English 251 December 2, 2015 Free Slave Voice â€Å"Monsters exist, but they are too few in number to be truly dangerous. More dangerous are the common men, the functionaries ready to believe and to act without asking questions.† (Levi) Mr. Levi’s quote is a response to a question about his survival at Auschwitz. In order to correct unjust or evil, we who stand by and say nothing must speak up, be heard, and be understood for we are many and evil is few. (OE) after readingRead More Compare Contrast Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagespiece of literature. For example: choice of diction, modes of discourse, and figurative language. Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano were great examples of authors that used these elements of literature. There are similarities and differences in A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and From Africa to America. Though Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano shared similarities in experiences, they had different writing personalities, purposes, attitudes, tones, and relationsRead MoreCompare/Contrast Writers1706 Words   |  7 Pagespiece of literature. For example: choice of diction, modes of discourse, and figurative language. Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano were great examples of authors that used these elements of literature. There are similarities and differences in A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson a nd From Africa to America. Though Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano shared similarities in experiences, they had different writing personalities, purposes, attitudes, tones, and relationsRead MoreSlave Narratives, By Harriet E. Wilson And The Fascinating Narrative Life Of Olaudah Equiano1173 Words   |  5 PagesHowever the â€Å"slave narrative† as a genre is tremendously diverse, supporting a variety of perspectives and experiences that often have little in common other than the experience of slavery. In fact, even this experience varies greatly from one narrative to another. Two slave narratives which highlight this fact are Our Nig by Harriet E. Wilson and The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano. These two narratives demonstrate the ways that the perspectives in slave narrativesRead MoreThe Concept of the African Diaspora640 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluence or were simply forced to leave their homes in order to be slaves. In order to underst and more regarding the African Diaspora in the Americas, one needs to focus on earlier periods before the rise of American slavery and the transatlantic slave trade (Gomez 7). Although individuals in the U.S. mainly focus on trying to comprehend African culture through focusing on people who were brought on the American continent during the slave trade, the center of attention should actually be representedRead MoreThe Labor Of Slave Women1512 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically of African American women. Even though forced grunt work was the bases of slavery, very few have the knowledge of the labor of slave women had to do from the perspective of slave women themselves. The author presents and clarifies the understandings the impact labor-meanings has on women in a moral value perspective. According to Joan Martin, â€Å"moral agency† for slaves meant autonomy from their masters, but obedience to God. â€Å"Martin moves beyond issues of sorrow and oppression to shed new lig ht onRead MoreThe Struggle of Olaudah Equiano Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Struggle of Olaudah Equiano In the book The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Olaudah Equiano the main character, was a victim to slavery and the world around him. Equiano was an Ibo from Nigeria, the youngest son in the family and his mothers favorite. He was trained at a young age in the arts of agriculture and war. His mother showered him with emblems, as if he was a great warrior. Equiano had a blissful and wonderful childhood. His nation encouraged all to immerseRead MoreA Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano1246 Words   |  5 Pageswidely read during the time are A Narrative of the Capture and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson by Mary Rowlandson and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano. They relate the experiences of a married white Puritan woman captured by Native Americans and an African boy captured for the American slave trade at a young age respectively. They were often used as propaganda, Europeans during this time created stereotype s for Native Americans as being cruel and warlike

Characteristics Of Nonverbal Communication - 1169 Words

Title 6 Characteristics of non-verbal communication include, â€Å"facial expression, non-verbal cues, gestures, body postures, interpersonal distance, touching behaviors, gaze and visual attention† (Matsumoto Juang, 2013, p. 244). Nonverbal communication is used constantly between each person because situations are not always right for talking. There are different types of gestures used to communicate and some include speech illustrators, emblems, paralinguistic cues, proxemics and haptics. Speech illustrators are, â€Å"movements that are directly tied to speech, and serve to illustrate or highlight what is being said† (Matsumoto Juang, 2013, p. 245). Examples of these would be holding up your finger to show the number one. This is†¦show more content†¦236). An example of this is when someone is speaking and it sounds like they are yelling but really it is just them emphasizing the words because it’s their cue. Sometimes people think someone from anot her culture is yelling when they are speaking which can sound annoying. This is not the case as the individual is just not used to the tone. The second to last one is called proxemics and this is, â€Å"The use of space in interpersonal interactions† (Matsumoto Juang, 2013, p. 247). This is the distance at which people choose to engage with each other at. The ranges may vary but an interesting finding is, â€Å"foreigners who spoke in English adopted the American conversational distance compared to when speaking with others from their home country in their native language† (Matsumoto Juang, 2013, p. 248). This brings into question how much of this is associated with fitting into the new environment. If everyone else is at the same distance then it feels more comfortable to do the same. The final one is haptics which is another word for the touch that takes place in the interpersonal interactions. In some cultures, people touch each other more while others do not. This can cause some negative effects if done to the wrong people. Title 7 There are ways at which people gather information and then respond to the information they received. This is the communication process and it includes five ways of processing the information. They are messages, encoding,Show MoreRelatedThe Principles of Communication1557 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is an ever-developing topic in which human beings can express their feelings and emotions on a daily basis whether they were positive or negative in the most suitable way. According to Preja (2013) the term â€Å"Communication† can be traced back to the Latin word â€Å"Communis† which stands for â€Å"to be connected to† or â€Å"to be in a relationship with†. Communication can be classified to two types, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication focuses mainly on vocals while non-verbal communicationRead MoreNonverbal Communication Is Messages Expressed By Nonlinguistic Means1128 Words   |  5 PagesNonverbal communication is messages expressed b y nonlinguistic means (Alder 212). Nonverbal communication serves for many different functions such as: repeating, complementing, substituting, accenting, regulating, and contradicting (Alder 216-217). Nonverbal communication additionally involves the pitch, tone, and volume of voice, gestures and facial expressions, body posture, proximity to the listener, and eye movements and contact. (businessdictionary). In addition to this, nonverbal communicationRead MoreNonverbal Communication Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesNonverbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written. And it is also called manual language. Similar to the way that italicizing emphasizes written language, nonverbal behavior may emphasize parts of a verbal message. The term nonverbal communication was introduced by psychiatrist Jurgen Ruesch and author Weldon Kees in the book Nonverbal Communication Notes on the Visual Perception of Human Relations. It includes the use of visualRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory And Its Significance1650 Words   |  7 Pagestheory and its significance in understanding interpersonal communication. The theory highlights the unexpected behavior of human being while interacting (Dainton, 2011). This theory is based on the reduction uncertainty where ambiguity on behaviors of others is reduced through interaction. Expectancy violations theory offers some prospect to compare the personality of traditional empiricism with humanism. The theory was developed from the Nonverbal expectancy violation model of Burgoon who describes theRead MoreNonverbal Communication : The Method Of Encoding And Decoding1108 Words   |  5 PagesNonverbal communication consists of the method of encoding and decoding. Encoding is the act of producing the communication using gestures, facial expressions, and posture. Decoding is the process of receiving the information and how the individual processes that information base d on their previous experiences. Culture plays a significant role that helps the way learning activities are organized. Nonverbal communication consists of visual cues such as kinesics, proxemics, paralanguage, and hapticsRead MoreEssay on Rules of Communication962 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Communication is a process of imparting or transferring thoughts from one entity to another either through language or writing or some other signs (Wrench, McCroskey Richmond, 2008). Language and other methods of communication, which are appropriate in one semantic environment, are usually not utilized in another semantic environment. For example in playgrounds and sports, children use the expressions like â€Å"game plan† or â€Å"Captain of the ship† which cannot be used in a different semanticRead MoreThe Key Aspect Of Nonverbal Communication758 Words   |  4 PagesNonverbal Communication The key aspect for nonverbal is communication by expressing through nonlinguistic means, there are various types of nonverbal communication in which I will explain what is proxemics, kinesics, and paralanguage. Proxemics- means interpersonal and personal space. The concept was created in 1963 by E. Hall referred by Linguistic Anthropologist. There four interpersonal distance zones that were developed in 1969 by E. Hall such as: intimate, personal, social, and public. CounselorRead MoreCultural Patterns Of The South Korean Culture741 Words   |  3 Pages One of the main things that define a culture is language/ communication and cultural patterns. In Korean culture language is used to show values that are widely known inside the culture, that includes nonverbal communication. Cultural patterns give more of an insight of the culture, and it reveals some differences and similarities between cultures. When it comes to society, language is one of the main indicators as to what their cultural values are. For example, in South Korean cultureRead MoreCharacteristics Of Interpersonal Communication810 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinctive characteristic of interpersonal communication. In the movie You’ve Got Mail, it tells a story of two bookstore owners who were enemies. But when they anonymously met online, they fell in love with each other. The movie You’ve Got Mail portrays interpersonal relationship. Interpersonal relationships are between two or more people. Through out the paper, there are five different interpersonal relationships, for example, identity, emotions, nonverbal communication, listening and communication. TheRead MoreNonverbal Workplace Communication882 Words   |  3 PagesNonverbal Workplace Communication Introduction Most often, nonverbal communication reflects gestures, posture, body language level of eye contact and facial expressions. Voice quality such as rhythm, timbre, pitch, intonation and the level of stress articulated in the verbal tone are also regarded as nonverbal forms of communication. Nonverbal communication has the ability to reinforce and reiterate what is stated verbally with sequential instead of simultaneous repeating. Nonverbal communication

Soccer Mom free essay sample

Is the most popular sport in the world. Soccer mom is portrayed as putting the interests of her kid and herself in soccer. It was also used in names of organizations of mothers who support childrens soccer team. Because of so much participation In community, people could trust soccer moms to be as their neighbor. In addition, they became the swing voters who will decide the 1996 election, the columnist Ellen Goodman of The Boston Globe called 1996 the Year of the Soccer Mom expressing how much they involved in community. Soccer mom means a white middle-class suburban woman who spends a significant amount of her time transporting her school-age children to their sporting events like soccer or other activities, as in Wisped. Moreover a soccer mom is an active woman not only supports her kids sporting activities but also wears T shirt and cap, decorates her home and car with her soccer team logos, enjoys reading articles, watches soccer games in TV, discusses how players play in the game, and as a group, they help community by wearing her Interest where need help thus expressing that she Is In love with soccer. We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer Mom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my home town, a woman named Ms. Win who liked and Involved soccer. During her school years, she played In soccer team and won a lot of medals and trophies. When she became a mom, she supported the soccer; physically by transporting her kid and his team mates anywhere they want to go; mentally, she encouraged their team in every match in person; and financially, she bought all necessary items which were needed for soccer games with her own money. She also discussed with her kids soccer coach about the techniques how he should play and when to change the tragedies in order to win a game. She was also a fan of Manchester United soccer club from England Premier league. She wore a hat with T shirt with Manchester united team logo with her favorite players name such as David Beckman, Wayne Rooney and even she used only David Buckrams perfume. She also decorated her home and car with things related to Manchester united like suckers and wallpapers. Her house was full of magazines, journals and books regarding her fan club. She watched all England Premier League games especially her fan club every weekend.After that, she discussed with her friends about the games. Therefore, everyday in her life showing that she loves the soccer so much. She also organized a group that was characteristically similar to her interest. Not only they shared their interests each other, but they also helped people in community who needed any kind of help. For example, a person who needed blood for her emergency surgery, the group didnt hesitate to donate the blood any time. Also, if community needed help like cleaning the street or needed hands for election, hey were always In front line.In all this situations, they wore T shirt with different soccer team logos that they liked. So, people could see the group In names of organizations of mother, soccer mom, and showed that they love soccer so much and took major role in each and every event. Similarly in U. S. The soccer moms were so significant voting bloc or demographic group and became the swing voters who will decide in 1996 election. They were targeted in election campaign and an Associated Press article named soccer moms as Rules Girls.A definition must apply to everyone regardless of age, race, and class. It must cover more extended area like not only her kids sport, but also involved in broader sense like she interested in soccer herself and participated as the group with showing her love of soccer in community events where they needed help. For example, like soccer mom, a firefighter who Jobs is to fight or stop fires. Everybody agrees with that. But in real world, they also participate in any situation where people need help like in Hurricane Strain; they do everything where people needed hem.Therefore like firefighters who wear their uniform when they were doing their jobs, the soccer mom do the same way like she wears T shirt, hat . Etc showing her interest and all people around can see who she is and denoted her as overnighter. Therefore, they were considered as a demographic group in community. I conclude that the definition means the act of defining a word, phrase, or term but the meaning is more than Just their use. Everybody cant define it in narrowed area according to words. For soccer mom, she cant limit her activities to her school hillier soccer.They are different in age, race, culture status, social activities and the situations where community need. Depending on that, everyone has different views and expressions about definition. For example, in traditional definition, she supports her kid sport but in real situation when time passed, soccer moms also act like neighbors to all people and consider as a demographic group when community needs them. So, the definition must be explained broader meaning to give better knowledge for future generations, which can be used and referred to.

Surgery is a Bore free essay sample

When I was in sixth grade I was on every school team and a very athletic kid. I played anything from soccer to golf and enjoyed them all. My coaches loved me and they all would tell me that I had lots of potential. It was about a month into the school year and the soccer season was almost over. I was started to feel pains in my right leg and didn’t know what it was. I was telling my mom and dad but they just told me that I needed to ice it and take some Advil. A couple of weeks went by and the pain was growing in my right knee. We went to the doctor and he took some X-rays. He saw an area that looked like it shouldn’t. We got an MRI and when viewed by the doctor he told me I had Osteochondritos Deccecans syndrome. We will write a custom essay sample on Surgery is a Bore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was a congenital bone disease. By definition Osteochondritis Deccecans is a painful condition within a joint of the body in humans in which fragments of cartilage or bone have become loose within a joint, leading to pain and inflammation. These fragments are sometimes referred to as joint mice due to a squeaking sound sometimes resulting from the joint. Specifically, OCD is a type of osteochondrosis in which a lesion has formed within the cartilage layer itself, giving rise to secondary inflammation. It has a complex etiology, and can be caused by genetic, hormonal, environmental and nutritional factors (www.wikipedia.com). In other words its â€Å"softening of the bone†. He said that it could be fixed by surgery with a brace. Instead of rushing to surgery I tried the brace four eight weeks. Being in a wheel chair was fun for the first week but then it gets really boring. Sitting inside at lunch while everyone is out playing sports is boring and upsetting. I wouldn’ t no what to do besides just sit there and watch. After the eight weeks were up we went to the doctor and got the brace off. After about eight weeks of physical therapy the pains began to come back in the right leg. We went back to the doctor and he said we could cast it again. I told him that I didn’t want to cast it again I just wanted to go straight to the problem. He disagreed so we decided to go get some other doctors opinions. After about twelve other doctors, most of them thought surgery would be the best way to deal with the problem. The doctor that was going to do the surgery was Dr. Crider. He wasn’t truly experienced in the knee area but we felt he understood the problem the most. Surgery day came and I was nervous. I never had surgery before and I remember always asking my dad the chances of dying. He told me not to worry and that everything would be okay. The anesthesia was actually fun. They put a gas mask on and I remember hearing funny sounds and seeing funny. When I woke up I kept falling back asleep. I wanted to wake up but the anesthesia kept putting me back to sleep. It was back to school after about a week and back to the sitting in at lunch with nothing to do. I pretty much had to deal with it and as time went by I became more and more bored and depressed. Halfway through the school year, I was able to start walking again. Things seemed fine. I was playing sports and going out during lunch with the other kids. But as time went by my left knee began to hurt. We went back to Dr. Crider and he said that we would need an MRI of the left knee. As in the right knee I had Osteochondritis Deccecans along with a Plica. By definition a Plica is the synovial tissue most prone to irritation and injury. When the knee is flexed, the plica is exposed to direct trauma, and it may also be injured in overuse syndromes. When the plica becomes irritated and inflamed, the condition called plica syndrome results. We once again had to do surgery. I just wanted these problems to go away. After the fun anesthesia and the eight weeks back in a wheel chair I was able to walk again. I was up and playing sports. I was on all the teams including Soccer and Tennis and my legs felt great. Two years had passed and I felt no problems. It was the summer of eighth grade and I was in camp. It was twenty four seven sports and fitness. The pain in my knees were back. I heard clicking noises when bending my knee and it would hurt to bend and straighten my knee. I knew what it was and I became very angry. It was going to be my first year in high school and I was going to have to spend in crutches and a wheel chair. I didn’t want to sit in at lunch, get bumped around which could re-injur my leg or get called cripple by kids in school. The new doctor named Dr. Watnik said it would probably be best to get home schooled. I was angry that I would miss much of the school year but I was also happy that I could play games and wake up late. After the MRIs on my knees he saw the Osteochondritis Deccecans in both knees and a plica in the left knee. After the first surgery it was really painful for the first couple of days, but as time passed I had become interested in the business world. I took about seven hundred dollars out of my bank account and began day trading on Scottrade. I would read all the business books and learn a lot about the business world. Time flew by and the second surgery was coming up. I was beginning to walk again, and in physical therapy we were working double time so that my right knee would be strong enough to support me after I had surgery on the left. The surgery was done and the pain returned. I tried not to think about it so much so I would pay attention to the business world a lot. I began to watch channel twenty four a lot and I learned a lot. As timed went by I found myself back in school and back to waking up at six thirty everyday. I was excited and happy to be with my friends again. Since I was in high school I was able to leave school grounds for lunch and that was something that I had never experienced. I had more freedom and I enjoyed it. Like my mom would always tell me, â€Å"from every bad thing comes something good.† Yes, I have knee problems but I am making money and I have found something I want to pursue for the rest of my life. I am walking again and hopefully the problem will never come back.

Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Essay Example

Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Paper Abstraction This aim of this research paper is chiefly to better understand the current state of affairs about the issues of carnal experimentation from different positions. Online articles, diaries, encyclopaedia and books were used for mention in this research paper. In kernel, this research paper by and large touches on the pros and cons of carnal experimentation. Supporters of carnal proving claim that this helps the development of of import drugs and interventions which in bend saves 1000000s of valuable human lives. Additionally, carnal testing is employed to salvage human lives because human lives are more valuable than carnal lives. Valuable cognition can be obtained through carnal experimentation to analyze the effects of a substance. This work will lend to people who are interested to cognize more about animate being testing and future research of similar subject. Animal Testing 1.0 Introduction We will write a custom essay sample on Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Greeks believed that animate beings were a lesser signifier of life because animate beings could non believe like worlds did. Furthermore, this idea was continued by Christians who claimed that animate beings were less important because they had no psyche ( Vivisection, 2002 ) . Animal testing is the usage of unrecorded animate beings for research in order to better understand the consequence of certain substances towards human wellness. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animate beings have been used for carnal testing, such as guinea hogs, coneies, Canis familiariss and mice. The issue of carnal testing has become a world-wide focal point these yearss due to statements brought up by those who are against carnal experimentation. Unquestionably, the pattern of carnal experimentation has increased enormously compared to the yesteryear. Harmonizing to Shandilya ( 2008 ) , it is estimated that 20 million animate beings are used for carnal experimentation annually for the intent of medical specialty and for proving other merchandises. Findingss from surveies indicate that less than 10 per centum of pure psychological researches use animate beings as trial topics, which do non include carnal topics used for cross-over medical experimentation ( American Psychological Association, n.d. , cited in Harding, L. , 2001 ) . However, there are some who province that animate being experiments are barbarous and immoral, besides go againsting an animate being s rights. This has caused many persons to hold with the motions of anti-vivisection administrations due to barbarous intervention towards animate beings. Although there are Torahs sing carnal proving implementing the decrease in the usage of animate beings for vivisection, oppositions of animate being experimenting are still debating about the topic of legalising it. If we view this topic from a broader position, it can be seen that carnal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the finds of new drugs and interventions to do wellness and medical specialty better, human life is more cherished than that of an animate being, and it is the most precise manner to happen out the effects of substances on a life being. This research paper will explicate why carnal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the topic of animate being testing is extremely debated there and the advancement of this issue in the US is comparative to other states. 2.0 Body of Report 2.1 Animal proving helps in the development of drugs and interventions. Presently, worlds are frequently exposed to assorted diseases which are life threatening, which includes bing diseases or new signifiers of diseases due to mutants and alterations in the environment. Hence, research workers are working hard in happening remedies for all these unwellnesss. From here, it can be seen that carnal testing is indispensable in the nutriment of human wellness. Animals will be used to analyze the consequence of freshly invented drugs, whether it will assist in bring arounding the disease. Speaking of the positive results of carnal testing, this includes the development of new medical specialty and interventions. Derbyshire ( 2004 ) mentioned that many medical progresss utilized carnal testing ; including production of insulin which was developed utilizing Canis familiariss, and cyclosporine, a powerful anti-rejection drug developed utilizing Primatess. Besides this, finds of assorted vaccinums have evolved through carnal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that carnal proving can steer us to finds of new cognition about life beings. Many drugs have been invented to carry through the purpose of rectifying diseases. However, the side effects of freshly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, carnal testing allows the rating of the danger of drugs before being used upon worlds which will greatly cut down the hazard before any human based tests are carried out ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Drugs that are tested safe can so be used to salvage 1000000s of valuable human lives. The hereafter of medical scientific discipline still relies on animate being testing, and this clearly shows a demand in legalising carnal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animate beings may non be the same to worlds. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 bosom onslaughts and shots in United States of America, was withdrawn from the planetary market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animate beings ( Archibald, 2004 ) . However, scientists have proven that animate beings are highly alike to worlds and experiments done on them would bring forth similar consequences obtained through future human experiments ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Hence, transporting out carnal proving on drugs would better the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, carnal testing should be legalized because it assists research workers in medical interventions besides drugs find, improves wellness and medical specialty and is able to prove the safety of drugs. Options of carnal proving are non every bit plausible as they are non every bit accurate as the consequences obtained from trials conducted upon animate beings. Hence, carnal testing should be encouraged alternatively of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given precedence over carnal lives. Differences bing between worlds and animate beings cause animate beings to have interventions which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animate beings differ from worlds as they do non hold scruples, they are considered inferior to worlds when it comes to the value of life. Sing that the lives of worlds are viewed as more valuable than carnal lives, animate beings will hold to be sacrificed in carnal experimentation. The pros and cons of carnal proving were debated with both sides being able to bring forth solid grounds for their bases. From the position of sense, it is mentioned that all living things are morally tantamount. However, the lives of worlds are superior over the lives of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Governments have to do a pick between the public assistance of worlds and the public assistance of animate beings. Which one is more of import, the life of a human or the life of an animate being? As Archibald ( 2004 ) points out, most people are willing to give the lives of animate being in carnal proving to salvage human lives. Even though human public assistance is the chief concern, the public assistance of an animate being is still taken into history by minimising the agony of animate beings when carry oning carnal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed invariably to protect animate beings and diminish the figure of vivisections carried out ( Monamy, 2000 ) . Every experiment affecting the use of animate beings is usually administered with anaesthesia. In concurrence with this, the experiments will non be repeated or animate beings used will be euthanized when barbarous intervention is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the betterment of human life quality without the agony of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Those who are against carnal proving argued that animate beings have the right to populate peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind intervention towards animate beings as it violates carnal rights as their lives are valuable as good ( Le Fanu, 2003 ) . However, their statements are weak because animate beings lack the sense of judgement, and hence are non subjected to moral claims and carnal rights ( Cohen, 1986 ) . Hence, they can non be compared with human life. Equally long as the animate being is experimented upon without hurting, the public assistance of the animate being is non violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalise the activity of carnal proving as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against carnal experimentation, the points asserted are non strong plenty to stop the activity of animate being proving. Supporters of carnal proving affirm that animate beings should non hold equal rights with worlds as both of these can non be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgement, therefore human lives ever come foremost before carnal lives. Animals are considered to be protected every bit long as animate beings receive minimal sum of agony. So carnal testing should be legalized in order to salvage more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for analyzing the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every twelvemonth to run into the demand of the planetary market such as in agribusiness, medical specialty and decorative merchandises. The credits should be given to animal proving. The consequence of that peculiar substance has been studied to bring forth infinite helpful merchandises. This can increase the length of service of worlds besides bettering the human criterion of life. By carry oning experiments on animate beings, the research worker can derive priceless information from the populating specimen. Winston ( 2006 ) mentioned that 70 % of the Nobel awards for physiology or medical specialty are contributed from carnal proving. Hence, it is clearly shown that by executing researches on animate beings by analyzing the effects of a substance can convey a immense impact upon the universe. The find of cognition will be delayed or remain undiscovered if carnal testing is non carried out. As stated by Le Fanu ( 2003 ) , primates offer the best experimental theoretical accounts as they have 99 % similarity in cistrons with worlds. Animal testing can be carried out on Primatess to guarantee the safety of some drugs before being tested on worlds. The opportunity for both beings exhibiting the same consequence is high due to the similarity of their cistrons. This in bend can cut down the hazards faced by worlds when get downing the tests. Hence, animate beings are good tools for larning the effects of assorted substances. In malice of this, people who are in resistance to animal proving argue that it must non be legalized merely because carnal experimentation leads to medical discoveries and the result is more rewarding. This statement is deficient to warrant the drawbacks of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . On the other manus, it is proven that the good result outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalise the activity of animate being testing. Without analyzing the effects of substances utilizing carnal testing, most of the major vaccinums against disease like infantile paralysis, German measles and hepatitis B used today would non be ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . New drugs undergo in vitro research, computing machine mold and carnal testing before being tested on worlds. Therefore, every measure is critical in this procedure of analyzing the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by transporting out carnal proving which can supply priceless information besides the anatomy of some animate beings are similar to worlds. Even though carnal experimentation its disadvantages, there are still many benefits that can derive by transporting out carnal proving. Therefore, legalisation of carnal testing must be accepted. Furthermore, it can be a good tool for instruction and research intents. 3.0 Recommendation Normally, the use of animate beings for carnal proving delineated as inhuman treatment towards animate beings and should non be legalized. However, it is impossible to censor the pattern of carnal experimentation due to the benefits brought by animate being research towards world. Animal testing is a baronial action to prolong the public assistance of worlds. Since the pattern of carnal proving can non be stopped, the public assistance of animate beings can merely be protected by another attack. The rule of Three Rs , that is refinement , decrease and replacing can be practiced. The research workers are pledged to cut down the figure of animate beings used when executing a research. To utilize the least figure of resources to obtain the fastest consequences, research workers have the inclination of utilizing a smaller figure of animate beings during their research. This is an act that showed the willingness of world to cut down the inhuman treatment towards the animate beings. Besides this, scientists were asked to decrease the grade of agony of the animate being. This can be attained by exclude some gratuitous harmful actions affecting the animate beings. Last, alternate methods should be used whenever possible to replace the use of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2006 ) . For case, the public assistance of animate beings can be secured by making so. The pattern of carnal experimentation should compromise between the public assistance of worlds and animate beings so that harmoniousness can be achieved. Animal experimentation still can be practiced, and the Torahs should be purely enforced so that it is non violated by irresponsible people. 4.0 Decision Due to the increased use of carnal testing, the issue of carnal experimentation is acquiring extremely debated and remains relentless. After analyzing several points, it has revealed that carnal testing should be legalized as it helps in the advancement of medical specialty and wellness, human life is more valuable than carnal life, and helps to larn the result of a substance on a life being. Day by twenty-four hours, anti-vivisectionists try to govern out carnal testing by looking at this issue from the animate being s point of position. Concurrently, protagonists of carnal experimentation were able to rebut their statements, by claiming the public assistance of worlds should ever come first before animate beings. They viewed the topic of carnal proving from a broader position and the long term advantages that come from carnal experimentation. Life is neer perfect, some forfeits have to do to accomplish success for a better hereafter. However, carnal research should be carried out a s its advantages are more important than the disadvantages. Bibliography About Animal Testing, ( n.d. ) , Exploitation Animals for Testing: Pro s Versus Con s? viewed 27th March 2010, d hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html Archibald, K. ( 2004 ) , Animal Testing: Science or Fiction? viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //gan.ca/lifestyle/animal+testing/articles+on+animal+research/index.en.html Cohen, C. , ( 1986 ) †¦ Students Paper: †¦ C. , ( 1986 ) The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research , The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14. 865-69 †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ no rights. The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14 ( October 2 †¦ †¦ . 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //people. †¦ †¦ . 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //people. †¦ Students Paper: †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //people.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Derbyshire, S. †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Carl Cohen †¦ †¦ †¦ Derbyshire, S. , ( 2004 ) Vivisection: Put human welfare first viewed 5 February 2010, †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/2468 †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ medical intents. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php? /site/article/43 †¦ †¦ /printable/2468 †¦ /printable/2468 Derbyshire, S. , ( 2006 ) Tha difficult statements about vivisection viewed 5 February 2010, †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/223 †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ medical intents. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php? /site/article/43 †¦ †¦ /printable/223/ †¦ /printable/223/ Garner, R. , ( 2005 ) Animal Ethical motives , pp129-130, Polity Press, UK Harding, Lauri R.. Animal Experimentation. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 25 Feb. 2010. Le Fanu, J. , ( 2003 ) Vivisection s underdoing-Why carnal experiments can non assist worlds . Monamy, V. , ( 2000 ) Animal Experiment: A usher to the Issues , pp29-34, Cambridge University Press, UK. Shandilya, R. ( 2008 ) Animal Testing Pros viewed 9 February 2010 †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html Vivisection. UXL †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ better understood. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html [ 13 ] [ /en †¦ †¦ †¦ Vivisection. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 26 Feb. 2010. Winston, R. , ( 2006 ) The shame of our silence viewed 27 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/may/31/animalwelfare.highereducation 2 % hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //socyberty.com/issues/why-animals- can non -have-rights/ 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080703061440AA4Sdcf 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Vegetarianism 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080703161238AAuxnzy 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080701091210AAbNKPp 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //smartgirlpolitics.blogspot.com/2009/07/king-for-country-of-no-substance.html 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //blog.peta.org/archives/2008/01/tax_meat_1.php 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3438100671.html 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3438100672.html 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/Printable/0000000CA552.htm 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //smartgirlpolitics.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html Abstraction This aim of this research paper is chiefly to better understand the current state of affairs about the issues of carnal experimentation from different positions. Online articles, diaries, encyclopaedia and books were used for mention in this research paper. In kernel, this research paper by and large touches on the pros and cons of carnal experimentation. Supporters of carnal proving claim that this helps the development of of import drugs and interventions which in bend saves 1000000s of valuable human lives. Additionally, carnal testing is employed to salvage human lives because human lives are more valuable than carnal lives. Valuable cognition can be obtained through carnal experimentation to analyze the effects of a substance. This work will lend to people who are interested to cognize more about animate being testing and future research of similar subject. ContentsPagesIntroduction1-2Body of Report Animal proving helps in the development of drugs and interventions. The importance of human lives is given precedence over carnal lives. Animal testing is helpful for analyzing the effects of substances. 3-4 5-6 7-8Recommendation9Conclusion10Bibliography11-12 Animal Testing 1.0 Introduction The Greeks believed that animate beings were a lesser signifier of life because animate beings could non believe like worlds did. Furthermore, this idea was continued by Christians who claimed that animate beings were less important because they had no psyche ( Vivisection, 2002 ) . Animal testing is the usage of unrecorded animate beings for research in order to better understand the consequence of certain substances towards human wellness. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animate beings have been used for carnal testing, such as guinea hogs, coneies, Canis familiariss and mice. The issue of carnal testing has become a world-wide focal point these yearss due to statements brought up by those who are against carnal experimentation. Unquestionably, the pattern of carnal experimentation has increased enormously compared to the yesteryear. Harmonizing to Shandilya ( 2008 ) , it is estimated that 20 million animate beings are used for carnal experimentation annually for the intent of medical specialty and for proving other merchandises. Findingss from surveies indicate that less than 10 per centum of pure psychological researches use animate beings as trial topics, which do non include carnal topics used for cross-over medical experimentation ( American Psychological Association, n.d. , cited in Harding, L. , 2001 ) . However, there are some who province that animate being experiments are barbarous and immoral, besides go againsting an animate being s rights. This has caused many persons to hold with the motions of anti-vivisection administrations due to barbarous intervention towards animate beings. Although there are Torahs sing carnal proving implementing the decrease in the usage of animate beings for vivisection, oppositions of animate being experimenting are still debating about the topic of legalising it. If we view this topic from a broader position, it can be seen that carnal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the finds of new drugs and interventions to do wellness and medical specialty better, human life is more cherished than that of an animate being, and it is the most precise manner to happen out the effects of substances on a life being. This research paper will explicate why carnal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the topic of animate being testing is extremely debated there and the advancement of this issue in the US is comparative to other states. 2.0 Body of Report 2.1 Animal proving helps in the development of drugs and interventions. Presently, worlds are frequently exposed to assorted diseases which are life threatening, which includes bing diseases or new signifiers of diseases due to mutants and alterations in the environment. Hence, research workers are working hard in happening remedies for all these unwellnesss. From here, it can be seen that carnal testing is indispensable in the nutriment of human wellness. Animals will be used to analyze the consequence of freshly invented drugs, whether it will assist in bring arounding the disease. Speaking of the positive results of carnal testing, this includes the development of new medical specialty and interventions. Derbyshire ( 2004 ) mentioned that many medical progresss utilized carnal testing ; including production of insulin which was developed utilizing Canis familiariss, and cyclosporine, a powerful anti-rejection drug developed utilizing Primatess. Besides this, finds of assorted vaccinums have evolved through carnal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that carnal proving can steer us to finds of new cognition about life beings. Many drugs have been invented to carry through the purpose of rectifying diseases. However, the side effects of freshly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, carnal testing allows the rating of the danger of drugs before being used upon worlds which will greatly cut down the hazard before any human based tests are carried out ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Drugs that are tested safe can so be used to salvage 1000000s of valuable human lives. The hereafter of medical scientific discipline still relies on animate being testing, and this clearly shows a demand in legalising carnal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animate beings may non be the same to worlds. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 bosom onslaughts and shots in United States of America, was withdrawn from the planetary market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animate beings ( Archibald, 2004 ) . However, scientists have proven that animate beings are highly alike to worlds and experiments done on them would bring forth similar consequences obtained through future human experiments ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Hence, transporting out carnal proving on drugs would better the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, carnal testing should be legalized because it assists research workers in medical interventions besides drugs find, improves wellness and medical specialty and is able to prove the safety of drugs. Options of carnal proving are non every bit plausible as they are non every bit accurate as the consequences obtained from trials conducted upon animate beings. Hence, carnal testing should be encouraged alternatively of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given precedence over carnal lives. Differences bing between worlds and animate beings cause animate beings to have interventions which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animate beings differ from worlds as they do non hold scruples, they are considered inferior to worlds when it comes to the value of life. Sing that the lives of worlds are viewed as more valuable than carnal lives, animate beings will hold to be sacrificed in carnal experimentation. The pros and cons of carnal proving were debated with both sides being able to bring forth solid grounds for their bases. From the position of sense, it is mentioned that all living things are morally tantamount. However, the lives of worlds are superior over the lives of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Governments have to do a pick between the public assistance of worlds and the public assistance of animate beings. Which one is more of import, the life of a human or the life of an animate being? As Archibald ( 2004 ) points out, most people are willing to give the lives of animate being in carnal proving to salvage human lives. Even though human public assistance is the chief concern, the public assistance of an animate being is still taken into history by minimising the agony of animate beings when carry oning carnal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed invariably to protect animate beings and diminish the figure of vivisections carried out ( Monamy, 2000 ) . Every experiment affecting the use of animate beings is usually administered with anaesthesia. In concurrence with this, the experiments will non be repeated or animate beings used will be euthanized when barbarous intervention is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the betterment of human life quality without the agony of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Those who are against carnal proving argued that animate beings have the right to populate peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind intervention towards animate beings as it violates carnal rights as their lives are valuable as good ( Le Fanu, 2003 ) . However, their statements are weak because animate beings lack the sense of judgement, and hence are non subjected to moral claims and carnal rights ( Cohen, 1986 ) . Hence, they can non be compared with human life. Equally long as the animate being is experimented upon without hurting, the public assistance of the animate being is non violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalise the activity of carnal proving as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against carnal experimentation, the points asserted are non strong plenty to stop the activity of animate being proving. Supporters of carnal proving affirm that animate beings should non hold equal rights with worlds as both of these can non be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgement, therefore human lives ever come foremost before carnal lives. Animals are considered to be protected every bit long as animate beings receive minimal sum of agony. So carnal testing should be legalized in order to salvage more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for analyzing the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every twelvemonth to run into the demand of the planetary market such as in agribusiness, medical specialty and decorative merchandises. The credits should be given to animal proving. The consequence of that peculiar substance has been studied to bring forth infinite helpful merchandises. This can increase the length of service of worlds besides bettering the human criterion of life. By carry oning experiments on animate beings, the research worker can derive priceless information from the populating specimen. Winston ( 2006 ) mentioned that 70 % of the Nobel awards for physiology or medical specialty are contributed from carnal proving. Hence, it is clearly shown that by executing researches on animate beings by analyzing the effects of a substance can convey a immense impact upon the universe. The find of cognition will be delayed or remain undiscovered if carnal testing is non carried out. As stated by Le Fanu ( 2003 ) , primates offer the best experimental theoretical accounts as they have 99 % similarity in cistrons with worlds. Animal testing can be carried out on Primatess to guarantee the safety of some drugs before being tested on worlds. The opportunity for both beings exhibiting the same consequence is high due to the similarity of their cistrons. This in bend can cut down the hazards faced by worlds when get downing the tests. Hence, animate beings are good tools for larning the effects of assorted substances. In malice of this, people who are in resistance to animal proving argue that it must non be legalized merely because carnal experimentation leads to medical discoveries and the result is more rewarding. This statement is deficient to warrant the drawbacks of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . On the other manus, it is proven that the good result outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalise the activity of animate being testing. Without analyzing the effects of substances utilizing carnal testing, most of the major vaccinums against disease like infantile paralysis, German measles and hepatitis B used today would non be ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . New drugs undergo in vitro research, computing machine mold and carnal testing before being tested on worlds. Therefore, every measure is critical in this procedure of analyzing the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by transporting out carnal proving which can supply priceless information besides the anatomy of some animate beings are similar to worlds. Even though carnal experimentation its disadvantages, there are still many benefits that can derive by transporting out carnal proving. Therefore, legalisation of carnal testing must be accepted. Furthermore, it can be a good tool for instruction and research intents. 3.0 Recommendation Normally, the use of animate beings for carnal proving delineated as inhuman treatment towards animate beings and should non be legalized. However, it is impossible to censor the pattern of carnal experimentation due to the benefits brought by animate being research towards world. Animal testing is a baronial action to prolong the public assistance of worlds. Since the pattern of carnal proving can non be stopped, the public assistance of animate beings can merely be protected by another attack. The rule of Three Rs , that is refinement , decrease and replacing can be practiced. The research workers are pledged to cut down the figure of animate beings used when executing a research. To utilize the least figure of resources to obtain the fastest consequences, research workers have the inclination of utilizing a smaller figure of animate beings during their research. This is an act that showed the willingness of world to cut down the inhuman treatment towards the animate beings. Besides this, scientists were asked to decrease the grade of agony of the animate being. This can be attained by exclude some gratuitous harmful actions affecting the animate beings. Last, alternate methods should be used whenever possible to replace the use of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2006 ) . For case, the public assistance of animate beings can be secured by making so. The pattern of carnal experimentation should compromise between the public assistance of worlds and animate beings so that harmoniousness can be achieved. Animal experimentation still can be practiced, and the Torahs should be purely enforced so that it is non violated by irresponsible people. 4.0 Decision Due to the increased use of carnal testing, the issue of carnal experimentation is acquiring extremely debated and remains relentless. After analyzing several points, it has revealed that carnal testing should be legalized as it helps in the advancement of medical specialty and wellness, human life is more valuable than carnal life, and helps to larn the result of a substance on a life being. Day by twenty-four hours, anti-vivisectionists try to govern out carnal testing by looking at this issue from the animate being s point of position. Concurrently, protagonists of carnal experimentation were able to rebut their statements, by claiming the public assistance of worlds should ever come first before animate beings. They viewed the topic of carnal proving from a broader position and the long term advantages that come from carnal experimentation. Life is neer perfect, some forfeits have to do to accomplish success for a better hereafter. However, carnal research should be carried out a s its advantages are more important than the disadvantages. Bibliography About Animal Testing, ( n.d. ) , Exploitation Animals for Testing: Pro s Versus Con s? viewed 27th March 2010, d hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html Archibald, K. ( 2004 ) , Animal Testing: Science or Fiction? viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //gan.ca/lifestyle/animal+testing/articles+on+animal+research/index.en.html Cohen, C. , ( 1986 ) The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research , The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14. 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //people.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Derbyshire, S. , ( 2004 ) Vivisection: Put human welfare first viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/2468 Derbyshire, S. , ( 2006 ) Tha difficult statements about vivisection viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/223/ Garner, R. , ( 2005 ) Animal Ethical motives , pp129-130, Polity Press, UK Harding, Lauri R.. Animal Experimentation. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 25 Feb. 2010 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com gt ; . Le Fanu, J. , ( 2003 ) Vivisection s underdoing-Why carnal experiments can non assist worlds . Monamy, V. , ( 2000 ) Animal Experiment: A usher to the Issues , pp29-34, Cambridge University Press, UK. Shandilya, R. ( 2008 ) Animal Testing Pros viewed 9 February 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html Vivisection. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 26 Feb. 2010 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com gt ; . Winston, R. , ( 2006 ) The shame of our silence viewed 27 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/may/31/animalwelfare.highereducation

How to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology Essay Example

How to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology Essay Example How to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology Paper How to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology Paper This should only BEA few sentences long. Example: There are many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from the knowing the causative agent of a disease in a patient, so as to know how it can be treated, to knowing the correct microorganism to be used for making certain foods or antibiotics. This study as done by applying all of the methods that have been learned so far in the microbiology laboratory class for the identification of an unknown bacterium. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is where the details of the study are listed. Where did the specimen come from, and what methods were used to identify it? Be specific, but do not re write the lab manual. One way is to mention the names of the materials used and reference the lab manual for the procedure or method and then continue to elaborate when necessary. See example 1. Example 1: An unknown labeled as letter G was given out by the lab instructor. The methods that have been earned thus far for identifying bacteria have been applied to this unknown. Procedures were followed as stated in the course laboratory manual by De Mere (1), unless otherwise noted. The first procedure that needed to be done was to streak the unknown out on a Triplicate Soy Agar plate, using the T streak method described in the lab manual.. This needed to be done in order to test the purity of the unknown. After the plates were incubated and grown, the morphology was observed and recorded and a Gram stain was performed. Quality control bacteria were Gram stained along with the unknown to make sure that the Gram stain action was done correctly . After determining the Gram reaction, specific biochemical tests were performed. The biochemical tests were chosen from the unknown identification tables that were in the lab manual. Since unknown G was determined to be a Gram negative rod, an oxides test was performed and the organism was inoculated into a BCC lactose tube. Note all of these tests were performed by the methods listed in the lab manual by De Mere (1). Table 1 lists the test, purpose, reagents and results. All of the following tests were performed on this unknown: 1. Oxides test 2. BCC Lactose 3. Indolent 4. HAS 5. Citrate . Motility 7. Methyl Red 8. Urea Another way is to write out the methods in detail in either a paragraph form or listed. This way is not necessary for this type of paper, since this is lab report for the identification of an unknown bacterium and the methods are explained in detail in the lab manual. If there is a procedure that the instructor added or made changes to, or the student used another procedure not in the course lab manual, then it should be written out and referenced. See some of the examples of papers identifying an unknown from the web sited below. RESULTS This is where the results are summarized. The method results should be in a table format (see examples below). This is also where the flow chart showing how you arrived at the answer is stated. A short paragraph explaining how the results are presented can be included. Example: Unknown G had the following morphology on a TTS plate: medium sized opaque cream colored colony. After determining that it was a Gram negative rod, an oxides test was performed and it was inoculated into a BCC lactose tube and onto a TTS slant. Table I lists all of the biochemical tests, their purpose and results. The results are also shown in a flow chart form. Example: Table 1: Biochemical Test Results TEST PURPOSE REAGENTS OBSERVATIONS RESULTS Gram stain To determine the Gram reaction of the bacterium Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Seafaring Pink rods Gram negative rods Oxides test To determine the presence of stockroom c Oxides paper Purple / black color change Positive oxides test BCC Lactose To determine the ability of a bacterium to ferment a specific carbohydrate None Color change from purple to yellow lactose ferment Indolent Test To determine the ability of an organism to split indolent from troposphere Kavas added to 1 ml of Trenton broth Red Ring at top f broth indolent test ETC. Another type of table: Table 1: Physiological and Biochemical Results TEST REAGENTS OR MEDIA TEMP OBSERVATIONS RESULTS INTERPRETATIONS Citrate Citrate slant (green) ICC Color changed from green to blue Positive Organism is able to utilize citrate as a carbon source Methyl Red MRS.. ICC After adding methyl red to one ml, color changed from light yellow to a darker yellow Negative Organism is not able to produce large amounts of acid from glucose fermentation FLOWCHART UNKNOWN G Gram stain Gram negative Rod Oxides test (positive) Positive Negative Cacciatore friendlier Protests vulgarism Interacted arrogates Protests miracles Escherichia coli Seriate marches Kielbasa exotica Moreland inorganic Kielbasa pneumonia Pseudonymous originals Pseudonymous refinances Indolent test ( Positive) Escherichia coli Cacciatore friendlier Kielbasa exotica Interacted arrogates Citrate Test (negative) Kielbasa exotica Escherichia coli Motility Test (positive) Escherichia coli Methyl Red Test (positive) Unknown B Escherichia coli DISCUSSION / CONCLUSION This section interprets the meaning of the results. The following questions should be answered here: How did the test result lead to identification? Was it the correct identification? If not, why not. What problems were encountered? This is also where the background information on the organism (environment/ pathogenic) that was identified is mentioned. Example of a discussion: After several differential tests, it was concluded that unknown G was Escherichia coli. After performing the Gram stain to determine that the unknown was a Gram negative rod, the organism was grown on a TTS slant for use in inoculating the rest of the biochemical tests. All of the biochemical tests worked well except for the indolent test. It gave a false negative result at first.

A Marketing Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Marketing Journal - Essay Example We believe that digital marketing is an attractive proposition for more consumer product or service categories than is typically assumed. In fact most consumer marketers - be they in financial services, travel, music, and books, even food and beverages - should be exploring how to capture the digital world's business opportunities. For marketers of consumer goods or services, the emergence of a new consumer market space is no longer a matter of speculation or hype. In the consumer world, users of many popular branded products subscribe today to interactive media at rates two to three times the national average. By 2000, there will be between 30 and 40 million of such "digital" consumers. [Stone, B. (1997)] Social marketing is a strategy that uses marketing approaches developed within the business arena to design, implement, and evaluate socially beneficial programs. This approach can be an effective social change strategy for groups working in the profession of community development. This paper describes two community-based projects that employed social marketing to design and implement interventions to promote health in Arkansas and Florida. We describe the stages of the research, as well as the limitations and strengths of this approach. Within the world of domestic and international commerce, the principles and practices of business marketing have proven to be powerful in maximizing profit by creating or increasing consumer demand for goods and services and reducing the real or perceived costs of these goods and services. While product marketing is integral to the world of business, social marketing, the application of marketing approaches to non-business enterprises, such as community development efforts, is not so widespread. (1) Social marketing is now in a rapid growth phase, with several textbooks, a peer review journal, two conferences, and numerous social marketing institutions now available to assist program planners in using this powerful approach to social change (Andreasen, 2002). Article 3: Relationship marketing is one of the newest schools of marketing thought. Unlike the customer-acquisition focus on traditional marketing, relationship marketing focuses on retaining existing customers (Berry 1995). It concentrates on the long-term, ongoing relational exchange so vital to service firms today (Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh 1987) and represents a genuine paradigm shift in marketing theory (Morgan and Hunt 1994). The recent work of the Electric Cooperatives Brand Identity Steering Committee of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) underscores the importance of relationship marketing as a tool for long-term competitive advantage. The 42-member committee introduced Touchstone Energy to symbolize the various elements that "represent the relationship between COUs and their consumer-members and the communities they serve," said Glenn English, NRECA chief executive officer. "The brand identity embodied in Touchstone Energy is an important development in helping electric co-ops retain their current customer base and prepare for increasing competition in the industry" (Miller 1997). Article 4: Statistical research in marketing is heavily influenced by the availability of different types of data. The last 10 years have seen an explosion in the amount and variety of data available to market researchers. Demand data from scanning equipment have now become